Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation

Description: Plant Physiological Ecology Field Methods and Instrumentation edited by R.W. Pearcy, J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney and P.W. Rundel Chapman and Hall, 1989, 0412232308, Hardcover without dust jacket, Good condition, previous owner's name written on the inside front cover and on the book side page ends. no underlining, no highlighting, 457 pages. Physiological plant ecology is primarily concerned with the function and performance of plants in their environment. Within this broad focus, attempts are made on one hand to understand the underlying physiological, biochemical and molecular attributes of plants with respect to performance under the constraints imposed by the environment. On the other hand physiological ecology is also concerned with a more synthetic view which attempts to under stand the distribution and success of plants measured in terms of the factors that promote long-term survival and reproduction in the environment. These concerns are not mutually exclusive but rather represent a continuum of research approaches. Osmond et al. (1980) have elegantly pointed this out in a space-time scale showing that the concerns of physiological ecology range from biochemical and organelle-scale events with time constants of a second or minutes to succession and evolutionary-scale events involving communities and ecosystems and thousands, if not millions, of years. The focus of physiological ecology is typically at the single leaf or root system level extending up to the whole plant. The time scale is on the order of minutes to a year. The activities of individual physiological ecologists extend in one direction or the other, but few if any are directly concerned with the whole space-time scale. In their work, however, they must be cognizant both of the underlying mechanisms as well as the consequences to ecological and evolutionary processes. CONTENTS Contributors Introduction 1 Principles of instrumentation for physiological ecology Arnold J. Bloom 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Measurement and measurement errors 1.3 Instrument organization 1.4 Instrument initiation 1.5 Postscript 2 Field data acquisition Robert W. Pearcy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Analog recorders 2.3 Digital recorders 2.4 Integrators 2.5 Sampling considerations 3 Water in the environment Philip W. Rundel and Wesley M. Jarrell 3.1 Soil moisture 3.2 Atmospheric moisture 3.3 Moisture flux 4 Measurement of wind speed near vegetation John Grace 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Flow in wind tunnels, growth cabinets and ducts 4.3 Weather stations and field survey 4.4 Wind profiles above vegetation 4.5 Boundary layer resistance 4.6 Calibration 4.7 Aerodynamic influence by masts 4.8 Visualization 4.9 Pressure measurements 4.10 Some applications 5 Soil nutrient availability Dan Binkley and Peter Vitousek 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Difficulties in measuring nutrient availability 5.3 Nitrogen availability 5.4 Phosphorus availability 5.5 Sulfur availability 5.6 Availability of essential cations 5.7 Micronutrient availability 5.8 Soil classification 5.9 Bioassay of nutrient availability 5.10 Soil acidity 5.11 Soil salinity 5.12 Soil redox potential 5.13 Comments on sampling 5.14 Index units 6 Radiation and light measurements Robert W. Pearcy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definitions and units 6.3 Energy versus photons as a measure of PAR 6.4 Radiation sensors: general characteristics 6.5 Determination of the diffuse and direct components of radiation 6.6 Calibration of radiation sensors 6.7 Sampling considerations 6.8 Photographic estimations of light climate 6.9 Spectral radiometry 7 Temperature and energy budgets James R. Ehleringer 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Energy budget approach 7.3 Variations in air and leaf temperatures with height 7.4 Temperature and its measurement 7.5 Orientation and its measurement 7.6 Calculation of incident solar radiation on different surfaces 7.7 Leaf absorptance and its measurement 7.8 Boundary layer considerations 8 Measurement of transpiration and leaf conductance Robert W. Pearcy, E.-Detlef Schulze and Reiner Zimmermann 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Leaf transpiration rate 8.3 Leaf conductance to water vapor 8.4 Instrumentation for transpiration measurements 8.5 Calibration of water vapor sensors 8.6 Systems for measuring transpiration and leaf conductance 8.7 Whole-plant measurements of transpiration 9 Plant water status, hydraulic resistance and capacitance Roger T. Koide, Robert H. Robichaux, Suzanne R. Morse and Celia M. Smith 9.1 Introduction • 9.2 Water potential and its components 9.3 Water content 9.4 Hydraulic resistance and capacitance 9.5 Conclusion 10 Approaches to studying nutrient uptake, use and loss in plants F. Stuart Chapin, III and Keith Van Cleve 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nutrient uptake 10.3 Nutrient use and nutrient status 10.4 Chemical analysis 10.5 Nutrient loss 11 Photosynthesis: principles and field techniques Christopher B. Field, J. Timothy Ball and Joseph A. Berry 11.1 The system concept 11.2 Principles of photosynthesis measurement 11.3 Components of gas-exchange systems 11.4 Real photosynthesis systems 11.5 Matching instrument to objective 11.6 Calibrating photosynthesis systems 11.7 Calculating gas-exchange parameters 11.8 List of symbols 12 Crassulacean acid metabolism C. Barry Osmond, William W. Adams III and Stanley D. Smith 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Measurement of succulence 12.3 Nocturnal acidification 12.4 Nocturnal CO2 fixation 12.5 Analysis of day—night and seasonal patterns of CO2 and H2O vapor exchange 12.6 Measurement of photosynthesis and respiration by O2 exchange 12.7 Water relations 12.8 Stress physiology 13 Stable isotopes James R. Ehleringer and C. Barry Osmond 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Natural abundances of stable isotopes of ecological interest 13.3 Stable isotope mass spectrometry 13.4 Sample preparation 13.5 Sample variability 13.6 Application of stable isotopes in ecological studies 14 Canopy structure John M. Norman and Gaylon S. Campbell 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Direct methods 14.3 Semidirect methods 14.4 Indirect methods 14.5 Summary 15 Growth, carbon allocation and cost of plant tissues Nona R. Chiariello, Harold A. Mooney and Kimberlyn Williams 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Growth analysis 15.3 Fate of carbon 15.4 Carbon and energy costs of growth and maintenance 16 Root systems Martyn M. Caldwell and Ross A. Virginia 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Assessing root system structure and biomass in the field — determining what is there 16.3 Determination of root length and surface area 16.4 Microscale distributions of roots 16.5 Root system turnover and production 16.6 Root phenology and growth 16.7 Root system function 16.8 Root associations 16.9 Concluding thoughts 17 Field methods used for air pollution research with plants William E. Winner and Carol S. Greitner 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Studies of air pollution absorption 17.3 Air pollution instrumentation 17.4 Cuvettes 17.5 Field fumigation systems and approaches 17.6 Summary Appendix Index nthdegree books

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